Everything You Need to Know About the Police’s Legal Powers for Personal Searches in Germany

A personal check / personal search (Personenkontrolle) is one of the key tools used by the German police to protect public safety and public order. However, this power is not exercised randomly—rather, it is governed by precise legal rules that balance community protection with individual freedoms.

In this article, we explain when and how the police may search individuals, and what rights you have as a citizen or visitor if you are searched.

Legal basis for personal searches
Police powers are regulated by each federal state’s police law (Polizeigesetz).

There are also provisions in the German Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung – StPO), especially where there is suspicion of a criminal offence.

When may the police carry out a personal search?

Specific suspicion
When there are reasonable grounds to suspect possession of weapons, drugs, or other prohibited items.

If the person is suspected of involvement in a criminal offence.

In “danger zones” (Gefahrengebiete)
Certain areas may be temporarily designated due to security concerns (such as major train stations or crowded tourist areas).

In such zones, police may conduct checks and searches even without a specific individual suspicion.

To protect yourself or others
If there is an immediate risk to the person concerned or to other people.

At access controls for public events
Such as stadiums, major concerts, or demonstrations.

How is the search conducted?

Officer identification
The officer should identify themselves and, upon request, show police identification.

Manner of search
Searches should be carried out respectfully and with regard for the person’s dignity.

If a more intimate or detailed body search is necessary, it should be performed by an officer of the same gender.

Bag checks
Bags or carried luggage may be checked where there are legal grounds.

Seizing items
If dangerous or prohibited items are found, the police may lawfully seize them.

What are your rights during a search?

Right to information
You may ask for the reason for the search and where/why it is being carried out.

Right to respectful treatment
Force should only be used in cases of strict necessity.

Right to document
You may note the officer’s name and service number (Dienstnummer).

Right to legal complaint
You can file a complaint later if you believe the search was unlawful or humiliating.

Can you refuse a search?
No. If the legal requirements are met, you are not allowed to refuse.

Resisting may lead to additional charges, such as “resisting law enforcement” (Widerstand gegen Vollstreckungsbeamte).

Practical tips if you are searched
Stay calm and avoid sudden movements.

Show your ID card or passport when requested.

Ask politely for the reason and note key details if you want to challenge the measure later.

Conclusion
Personal searches are an important security tool, but they are also bound by strict legal limits to protect individual rights.

Knowing when and how the police may search—and understanding your rights—helps build a relationship based on trust and mutual respect between the public and security authorities.

Always remember: calmness, cooperation, and knowing your rights are the best keys to handling any legal situation properly.

Disclaimer: The website’s writers and editors strive to provide accurate information through extensive research and consulting multiple sources. However, some errors may occur or certain details may remain unconfirmed. Please treat this content as an initial reference and consult the competent authorities for verified information.